in itself, is impossible.

Second, what is called spatial region and direction is composed of parts and portions, since, as we have explained, it can be measured in cubits and handspans and described as greater or smaller. Whatever is of this kind depends upon something other than itself and is contingent in itself. Thus, what is called spatial region and direction is contingent in itself. If Allah depended upon it, He would depend upon something contingent; and whatever depends upon something contingent is all the more deserving of being deemed contingent in itself. The Necessary Existent in Himself would therefore be contingent in Himself, which is impossible.

Third, if the Creator were situated in a particular spatial region and direction eternally, without beginning or end, spatial region and direction would have existed without beginning. This would entail affirming a beginningless existent other than Allah, which is impossible according to the consensus of the Muslims.

These arguments establish that His being in a spatial region and direction would entail these unacceptable consequences. It must therefore be impossible for Him to be in a spatial region and direction.

If it is said: “His being situated in a particular spatial region and direction means nothing