based on sense perception.

Third, when a substance moves from one spatial region to another, the region it leaves behind is necessarily distinct from the one it seeks to reach: that from which it moves is distinct from that to which it moves. These three arguments therefore establish that spatial region and direction constitute something existent.

Now, what is called spatial region and direction is independent, in its existence, of whatever occupies and settles within it. By contrast, whatever is situated in a particular spatial region and direction depends upon spatial region and direction. For a thing capable of occupying a spatial region cannot rationally exist without being situated in a direction. It is thus established that if He, exalted is He, were situated in a particular direction and spatial region, His existence would depend upon something other than Himself.

We maintain that this is impossible for several reasons. First, anything whose existence depends upon another is such that the nonexistence of that other entails its own nonexistence. Anything of this kind is contingent in itself; and all of this, in the case of the Necessary Existent