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Al-Rāzī said: “The second proof that He cannot be situated in a particular spatial region and direction is that, if He were so situated, His existence would depend on that spatial region and direction. This is impossible; therefore, His being situated in a spatial region and direction is impossible.

“To establish this implication: spatial region and direction have real existence. This is demonstrated in several ways. First, upper spatial regions differ in reality and essence from lower spatial regions, as evidenced by their assertion that it is necessary for