and guard against it, for it has been transmitted through numerous independent chains from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, that tribulation and the fountainhead of disbelief come from the East—meaning the lands east of his city, such as Najd and the regions farther east.

Thus, in the two Sahīhs, al-Zuhrī narrates from Sālim, from Ibn ‘Umar, who said:

I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say while on the pulpit:

“Beware! Tribulation comes from here [pointing toward the east], from where Satan’s horn rises.”

In another version: “He said—while facing