over them, to an extent not evident in the issues they concealed. Even so, those theologians also opposed their denial that Allah is above the Throne, as their statements quoted earlier show. Yet in debating them, they did not present arguments that would cut off Jahmī doctrine at its source and uproot it. Rather, they conceded some of the premises upon which that doctrine was built.

Their discussions of the temporal origination of the world, and their discourse concerning bodies and accidents, belong to the speculative theology condemned by the imams and the early generations. Indeed, Muhammad ibn Khuwayz Mindād said: “The people of innovation and vain desires, according to Mālik