claims of self-evidence regarding these matters, and objections denying such claims, that were stronger than those made concerning the Throne.

If it is asked, “This shows that Allah’s being above creation is more evident in the innate human disposition and in revelation than the possibility of seeing Him. Why, then, did these men affirm the latter and deny the former?” the answer is that the Jahmiyyah openly proclaimed that the Quran was created and denied that Allah could be seen, but did not openly deny His being above creation, as explained earlier. Those who debated them were speculative theologians who affirmed the divine attributes, such as Abū Saʿīd ibn Kullāb, Abū al-Hasan al-Ashʿarī, and their followers. Thus their opposition to the Jahmiyyah on these two issues became apparent, owing to the open disagreement