He then said, ‘Identify them for me.’ He replied, ‘Two groups among those who profess Islam: the Jahmiyyah and the Qadariyyah. When a Jahmī goes to extremes, he says, “There is nothing there”’—and al-Ashyab pointed to the sky—‘and when a Qadarī goes to extremes, he says, “There are two: a creator of good and a creator of evil.”’ He then had him beheaded and crucified.”

There are many similar statements from the early Muslim scholars and imams. They would refute what the Jahmiyyah openly professed—the denial that Allah will be seen and the claim that the Quran was created—and mention the still graver belief that the Jahmiyyah concealed: that Allah is not upon the Throne. They regarded this as the ultimate conclusion of their doctrine, constituting a denial of the Maker and a repudiation of the Creator. For the Jahmiyyah did not openly profess this among the believers as they did their views concerning divine speech and the vision of Allah. The contrary was firmly established in the hearts of Muslims as a self-evident truth of the innate disposition with which they were created, through the clear proofs and guidance brought to them by the messengers, and through the believers’ agreement on this matter—something the Jahmiyyah could not openly oppose.

“And whoever opposes the Messenger after guidance has become clear to him and follows a path other than that of the believers, We shall leave him to what he has chosen and burn him in Hell—what an evil destination.”
{115}
[al-Nisā’ 115]

This shows that, in reason and religion, acknowledging that Allah is above the world is