who were hypocrites, and Jahmism likewise originated with hypocritical heretics. By contrast, the views of the Khawārij and the Qadariyyah came only from people who possessed faith but were ignorant and went astray.

Thus, when the esoteric Qarmatians emerged, outwardly professing both Jahmism and Rāfidism but inwardly among the most unbelieving and heretical of humankind—so much so that they became known as “the heretics” among the elite and common people alike—utterly disbelieving in what the messengers brought and displaying the greatest hypocrisy toward people of all religious communities, Muslims and Jews