realities, and that what is established concerning Him runs contrary to the judgment of sense perception and imagination, then the assertion, “If He is above the Throne, He must either be divisible and composite or be the size of an indivisible atom,” is all the more deserving of being dismissed by saying: “The reality of the Lord is unlike what reason apprehends of realities, and what is established concerning Him runs contrary to the judgment of sense perception and imagination.” The claim that anything above something else and perceptibly pointed to must be either divisible or diminutive is certainly a judgment of sense perception and imagination.

This is further substantiated by the thirteenth argument: You and the others who affirm the divine attributes affirm that the Lord will be seen with the eyes, as the mass-transmitted texts from the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—attest. Yet you and a group who agree with you say that He will be seen without being in any direction, without facing the beholder, without being above him, and without being in any of the six directions relative to him. Most rational people, whether they affirm the divine attributes or deny them, say that the falsity of this is known self-evidently and through sense perception. It is well known that His being above