and his followers, for their discourse is the ABC of heresy. I spoke with their teacher Jahm, and he would not affirm that there is a God in heaven.’”

Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Bukhārī said: “I have examined the statements of the Jews, Christians, and Magians, and I have seen no people more astray in their unbelief than these. Indeed, I consider anyone who does not declare them unbelievers ignorant, except someone who is unaware of their unbelief.”

Al-Fudayl ibn ʿIyād said: “If a Jahmī says to you, ‘I disbelieve in a Lord who moves from His place,’ then say, ‘I believe in a Lord who does