the teacher of Ahmad and al-Bukhārī, that he said: “I debated a Jahmī, and it became clear from his words that he did not believe there was a Lord in heaven.”

Ahmad ibn Hanbal said: “Surayh ibn al-Nu‘mān narrated to us: ‘I heard ‘Abd Allāh ibn Nāfi‘ al-Sā’igh say: “I heard Mālik