and attributes altogether, and that their position is derived from that of the atheists among the Magians and the atheists among the eternalist Sabian philosophers.

This confirms Ibn Kullāb’s observation that the Jahmiyya resemble these two communities: the eternalist, polytheist Sabians and the dualist Magians. Thus, the position of the unionists among the Jahmiyya is, in reality, the position of these groups, and its substance is the denial of the Maker. It is close to the position of those Jahmiyya who say that He is everywhere, for they make Him the very existence of existing things, as we have explained elsewhere. Everyone who does not affirm that the Lord, glorified is He, is one, distinct and separate from His creatures belongs to these groups.

In Ibn Kullāb’s denunciation of the Jahmiyya, when he likened them to the Magians—and said: “Likewise, you claimed that the One, whom nothing resembles—exalted is He above what you say—had no limit, then created things inseparable from Him, while He is inseparable from them. He does not part from them, nor do they part from Him. Thus you have accepted