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Ibn Kullāb’s observation that the Jahmiyya resemble the eternalists and the dualists is sound. Before coming across his words, we had already written about this matter in the course of our discussion, as will appear below. We explained that the position of those philosophers who say that the world is generated from Him and is inseparable from Him is akin to that of those who deny the Maker altogether. What these deniers call “Time” is what those philosophers call “the Necessary Existent.” The Jahmiyya’s position resembles theirs in likewise entailing the denial of the Maker.

For this reason, we have mentioned elsewhere that Jahm’s chains of transmission go back to the polytheists, the Sabians, those who altered religion, and the Jews who altered it, and [we stated that] the worst of these are the Qarmatians and the Bātiniyya, who deny the divine names