refuses to worship Allah, like Pharaoh and his kind, is a denier whose disbelief is greater than theirs, even though he also associates partners with Allah, having gods whom he worships.

Since Islam is Allah’s universal religion, upon which all His believing servants, from the earliest to the latest, have agreed—as Noah, peace be upon him, said:

“But if you turn away, I have asked you for no reward. My reward is only with Allah, and I have been commanded to be among the Muslims.” {72} [Yūnus 72]

And concerning Abraham, peace and blessings be upon him:

“When his Lord said to him, ‘Submit,’ he said, ‘I have submitted to the Lord of all worlds.’” {131} [al-Baqarah 131]

And He said:

“Abraham was neither a Jew nor a Christian, but was one inclining to truth, a Muslim, and he was not among those who associate partners with Allah.” [Āl ʿImrān 67]

And He said:

“Say, ‘Indeed, my Lord has guided me to a straight path—an upright religion, the faith of Abraham, inclining to truth. And he was not among those who associate partners with Allah.’” {161} [al-Anʿām 161]

And He said:

“Abraham instructed his sons to follow this faith, as did Jacob: ‘O my sons, Allah has chosen this religion for you, so do not die except as Muslims.’” {132} [al-Baqarah 132]

And Joseph, peace be upon him, said:

“Cause me to die as a Muslim and join me with the righteous.” {101} [Yūsuf 101]

As he also said:

“Indeed, I have abandoned the religion of a people who do not believe in Allah, and who