anything, that nothing descends from Him, and that neither eyes, heads, nor hands are raised toward Him in supplication. Indeed, hearts do not turn upward with the intention of turning toward Him at all, whether in supplication, worship, or anything else.

It also entails that there is neither Lord nor god above the world, that there is nothing there but sheer nonexistence and utter negation, and that above the Throne and beneath the seventh earth are alike in this respect: just as He is not within the earth, neither is He above the Throne.

Rather, some of them say that He is in every place or in every existing thing—either meaning that He governs them, that His essence is in every place, or that His essence is every existing thing. As for what is above the Throne, there is nothing there, since, according to them, He is not there, nor is there any other created being above the world of which it could be said that He is in it by His governance, in His essence, or in the sense that His existence is its existence. These, then, are the views of the Jahmiyyah—their theologians