Allah’s corporeality, establish proof that He does not occupy a spatial location or direction.” He then argued for this using what we discussed in its proper place when we cited it.

Although someone holding the former position could respond to this statement by saying that denying that a thing is a body or subsists in a body entails denying its confinement to a spatial location or direction, the point here is that many speculative theologians who affirm the divine attributes—such as Abū Muhammad Abd Allāh ibn Saʿīd ibn Kullāb, Abū al-Hasan al-Ashʿarī, and other leading theologians who affirm the attributes—say that He is neither a body nor a substance, yet also say that He is above the Throne, as they have set out in their books. Some of them, however, use the term “direction,” while others do not use either “direction” or “spatial location.” This is the position of groups of jurists belonging to the four schools, as well as Sufis, hadith scholars, and others