declare the Jahmiyyah and anyone who claims that the Quran is created to be unbelievers. Thus, no one would equate unbelief with some of the disagreements among these sects except someone ignorant of religious knowledge who has not been granted understanding of it.

The opponent claimed that people had debated faith, Shīʿism, divine decree, and similar matters, but that no one may interpret divine oneness in any way other than what is correct, since all of Allah’s creation is perceived through the five senses: touch, smell, taste, sight with the eyes, and hearing. Yet Allah, according to the opponent’s claim, cannot be perceived through any of these five senses.

He said: We replied to this opponent, who does not realize how he has contradicted himself: As for your statement, “No one may interpret divine oneness in any way other than