their worship exclusively to Him, for they acknowledged that Allah alone created the heavens and the earth, as Allah reports of them in the Quran, saying:

“If you ask them who created the heavens and the earth, they will surely say, ‘Allah.’”
[Luqmān 25]

And in His words:

“Say, ‘To whom belongs the earth and whoever is in it, if you know?’ {84}
They will say, ‘To Allah.’ Say, ‘Will you not then take heed?’ {85}
Say, ‘Who is the Lord of the seven heavens and the Lord of the Mighty Throne?’ {86}
They will say, ‘To Allah.’ Say, ‘Will you not then fear Him?’ {87}
Say, ‘In whose hand is the dominion of all things, who grants protection while none can protect against Him, if you know?’ {88}
They will say, ‘To Allah.’ Say, ‘How then are you deluded?’ {89}”
[al-Mu’minūn 84–89]

Allah Most High also says:

“And most of them do not believe in Allah without associating others with Him.” {106}
[Yūsuf 106]

Ibn ‘Abbās said: “You ask them who created the heavens and the earth, and they say, ‘Allah,’ yet they worship others besides Him.” This is the polytheism mentioned in many places in the Quran, which stands opposed to sincerity of devotion and monotheism, as in the hadith of Jābir and Ibn