How, then, can some of those who have apostatized and joined the polytheists credibly criticize the people of monotheism—who devote their religion sincerely to Allah Most High alone and regard jihad against these polytheists and those who apostatize to join them as among the greatest duties and acts of devotion—by claiming that they agree with the polytheists on the fundamental principle of polytheism, when these critics themselves do not believe in Allah or in what He revealed to His prophets? How closely their condition resembles what Allah Most High says:

“Say, O People of the Book, do you resent us…” up to His words, “…from the right way.” {60}

[al-Mā’idah 59–60]

For among these Jahmī negationists are those who have worshipped false gods and commanded others to worship them. Yet these same people criticize those who believe in Allah and His Messenger. This is further illustrated by the fact that this al-Rāzī relied, in matters of polytheism and idol worship, on the likes of Tankalūshā the Babylonian, Tamtam the Indian, and the likes of