by inclusion, and sometimes by necessary implication. The Quran indicates this meaning either by inclusion or by necessary implication. None of the imams of the Sunnah ever said that a Sunni is someone who speaks only in transmitted expressions without understanding their meaning. Rather, whoever understands the meanings of the texts has a greater claim to adherence to the Sunnah than someone who does not. Whoever refutes the assertions of the proponents of falsehood that contradict those meanings, and shows that the meanings of the texts necessarily rule out those contrary notions, has a greater claim to adherence to the Sunnah than others. These are points whose fuller discussion belongs elsewhere.