seen anyone more accomplished than him in this field. Among them, he was like a king among his chamberlains. His stature and the awe he inspired in the hearts of both supporters and opponents became renowned far and wide, owing to his ability to construct arguments and objections in debate.

We shall now present what Abū ‘Abd Allāh al-Rāzī wrote in the book he entitled Ta’sīs al-Taqdīs (Establishing Divine Sanctity). In it, he sought to refute those who affirm the divine attributes, maintaining that Allah is above the Throne and affirming the attributes conveyed through revelation in the hadiths and Quranic verses. He exhaustively presented the Jahmiyyah’s scriptural and rational arguments on this subject, developing them at the greatest length. He devoted a separate book to this subject, dealing exclusively with matters concerning the Divine Essence. In it, he interpreted the relevant verses and hadiths through the false interpretations he proposed, and set out the arguments of