with whatever analogy, in their view, demands.

Do you not see that the Qadarites, when they examined Allah’s decree—His own hidden secret—by means of their opinions and subjected it to the yardstick of their self-made analogies, their very souls proposed to them an analogy drawn from the instinctive sense of justice the Creator has placed in human beings for dealings among themselves, and they made that the judge between Allah and His servant. Thus they spoke of abandonment and neglect, claiming that worshippers perform acts He does not will and possess power over matters He does not desire—as though they had never heard the universal consensus: “Whatever Allah wills occurs, and whatever He does not will never occurs.”

They asked, “How can He misguide and punish, will and loathe, change and yet impose obligations? Would not whoever behaved thus be guilty of the grossest injustice?”

They overlooked, however, the consequence of setting up two arbiters, and that he who owns only a portion is not