fulfilling one’s servitude in the manner the Lord loves and is pleased with. Its foundation is obligatory, while its perfection is the rank of those brought near to Allah.
Likewise, each of these obligations of the heart has two levels: an obligatory degree that is due, which is the rank of the people of the right, and a recommended degree of perfection, which is the rank of those brought near to Allah.
Patience, too, is obligatory by the consensus of the Muslim community. Imam Ahmad said: “Allah mentions patience in ninety places in the Quran, or ninety-odd.” It likewise has two levels: an obligatory degree that is due and a recommended degree of perfection.
[He then discussed the disputed category of obligations, until he said:]
The aim is that the king of the limbs—the heart—should fulfill its servitude to Allah, together with its subjects. As for the things forbidden to the heart, these include arrogance, showing off, self-admiration, envy, heedlessness, and hypocrisy. They fall into two categories: disbelief and sin. Disbelief includes doubt, hypocrisy, associating partners with Allah, and their attendant forms.
Sin is of two kinds: major and minor.
Major sins include showing off, self-admiration, arrogance, boastfulness, haughtiness, despairing of Allah’s mercy, losing hope of relief from Allah, feeling secure from Allah’s plan, taking joy and pleasure in harm befalling Muslims, gloating over their misfortunes, wishing for indecency to spread among them, envying them for what Allah has bestowed upon them of His bounty, wishing for those blessings to be taken away from them, and the attendant vices of these things. These are more strictly forbidden than unlawful sexual intercourse, drinking intoxicants, and other outward major sins. Neither the heart nor the body can be sound without avoiding them and repenting of them. Otherwise, the heart is corrupt, and when the heart becomes corrupt, the body becomes corrupt.
These afflictions arise only from ignorance of the heart’s servitude and failure to fulfill it.