—vital principles that the servant cannot do without in his religious or worldly life. The surah also shows that the souls and eyes of envious people exert an influence, and that satanic spirits exert an influence through sorcery and blowing into knots.
People have divided into four groups on this matter.
The first group denies that either exerts any influence. They fall into two subgroups.
One acknowledges the existence of rational souls and jinn but denies altogether that either can exert any influence. This is the position of some speculative theologians who deny causes, powers, and effects.
The other denies their existence altogether. They say that the human soul has no existence beyond this perceptible bodily frame, its attributes, and its accidents, and that jinn and devils have no existence beyond accidents inhering in that body. This is the position of many heretical naturalists and other heretics who affiliate themselves with Islam. It is also the position of a few aberrant speculative theologians whom the early generations condemned and declared guilty of religious innovation and misguidance.
The second group denies the existence of a human soul distinct from the body but acknowledges the existence of jinn and devils. This is the position of many speculative theologians among the Mu'tazilah and others.
The third group takes the opposite position: it acknowledges the existence of a rational soul distinct from the body but denies the existence of jinn and devils, claiming that they are nothing beyond the soul’s powers and attributes. This is the position of many Islamic philosophers and others.
These people say that the unusual effects and extraordinary events occurring in the world are produced by the soul. They attribute all sorcery and soothsaying to the influence of the soul alone, without the mediation of any separate devil. Ibn Sīnā and his followers hold this view; they even place the miracles of the messengers in this category, saying that they are merely effects produced by the soul upon the underlying matter of the world.
These people are unbelievers by the consensus of the adherents of the religions. They are in no sense followers of the messengers.