panting. Likewise, the person who has cast off Allah’s signs no longer has a heart that enables him to patiently forgo this world and cease craving it. This person pants after worldly things because he has little patience to do without them, while the dog pants because it has little patience to do without water. The dog is among the animals least able to endure being without water; when thirsty, it eats damp earth out of thirst, although it can endure hunger. In every condition, it pants more than any other animal: standing, sitting, walking, or remaining still. This is because of its intense greed: the heat of greed in its liver causes it to pant continually.
So it is with the person likened to it: intense greed and the heat of desire in his heart cause him to pant continually. If you press him with admonition and sincere counsel, he pants; and if you leave him alone without admonishing him, he pants.
Mujāhid said: “This is the likeness of someone who was given the Scripture but did not act upon it.” Ibn ‘Abbās said: “If you lay wisdom upon him, he will not bear it; and if you leave him alone, he will not find his way to any good. He is like a dog: it pants when lying down, and it pants when driven away.”
Al-Hasan said: “He is the hypocrite who does not remain steadfast upon the truth, whether invited to it or not, whether admonished or not—like a dog that pants whether driven away or left alone.”
‘Atā’ said: “It barks whether you drive it away or not.”
Abū Muhammad ibn Qutayba said: “Every creature that pants does so from exhaustion or thirst, except the dog, which pants when weary and when resting, when healthy, ill, or thirsty.
“Allah therefore made it a likeness of someone who denies His signs, saying: If you admonish him, he remains astray; and if you leave him alone, he remains astray—like a dog that pants if you drive it away and pants if you leave it as it is.”
A similar meaning appears in His words, glory be to Him:
7:193 “If you call them to guidance, they will not follow you. It is all the same to you whether you call them or remain silent.”