Al-Tafsīr al-QayyimIbn al-Qayyim

Resurrection, or asking Him to free one from the necessities of human life, such as the need for food and drink; to disclose His unseen knowledge to one; to grant one infallibility; or to bestow a child upon one without a wife or a bondwoman, and other such requests that constitute transgression. Every request that contradicts Allah’s wisdom, entails opposition to His law and command, or conflicts with what He has declared is a transgression that neither Allah nor His Messengers love.

Transgression has also been interpreted as raising one’s voice in supplication. Ibn Jurayj said, “Transgression includes raising one’s voice in supplication, calling out loudly in it, and shouting.” Yet the verse is broader than all of this. Even if transgression in supplication is intended, it is only part of the intended meaning. Allah does not love transgressors in anything, whether supplication or otherwise, as He says: 2: 190 “And do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not love those who transgress.”

On this understanding, He has commanded people to supplicate to Him and worship Him, and has declared that He does not love transgressors—those who call upon others alongside Him. These are the worst of all transgressors, for the greatest transgression is associating partners with Allah, which directs worship where it does not belong. This transgression must therefore be included in His words: “Indeed, He does not love those who transgress.”

Another form of transgression is to call upon Him without humble entreaty, but rather with a sense of entitlement, like someone who feels self-sufficient because of what he possesses and presumes upon his Lord on that account. This is among the gravest forms of transgression, contrary to the supplication of one who is humble, lowly, needy, and destitute in every respect and in all his circumstances. Whoever does not ask as one who is destitute, humbly pleading, and fearful is a transgressor.

Another form of transgression is to worship Him in ways He has not prescribed, and to praise Him in terms with which He has neither praised Himself nor permitted others to praise Him. This is transgression in the supplication of praise and worship, just as there is transgression in the supplication of asking and seeking.

On this understanding, the verse indicates two things.

The first is something beloved and pleasing to the Lord—blessed and exalted is He—namely, supplication offered humbly and in secret.

القيامة، أو يسأله أن يرفع عنه لوازم البشرية من الحاجة إلى الطعام والشراب أو يسأله أن يطلعه على غيبه أو يسأله أن يجعله من المعصومين، أو يسأله أن يهب له ولدا من غير زوجة ولا أمة، ونحو ذلك مما سؤاله اعتداء. فكل سؤال يناقض حكمة الله أو يتضمن مناقضة شرعه وأمره، أو يتضمن خلاف ما أخبر به فهو اعتداء لا يحبه الله ولا يحب رسله. وفسر الاعتداء برفع الصوت أيضا في الدعاء. قال ابن جريج: من الاعتداء رفع الصوت في الدعاء، والنداء في الدعاء والصياح وبعد: فالآية أعم من ذلك كله، وإن كان الاعتداء في الدعاء مرادا بها فهو من جملة المراد والله لا يحب المعتدين في كل شيء، دعاء كان أو غيره، كما قال: ٢: ١٩٠ وَلا تَعْتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يُحِبُّ الْمُعْتَدِينَ. وعلى هذا فيكون قد أمر بدعائه وعبادته وأخبر أنه لا يحب أهل العدوان، وهم الذين يدعون معه غيره. فهؤلاء أعظم المعتدين عدوانا. فإن أعظم العدوان هو الشرك، وهو وضع العبادة في غير موضعها. فهذا العدوان لا بد أن يكون داخلا في قوله: إِنَّهُ لا يُحِبُّ الْمُعْتَدِينَ. ومن العدوان: أن يدعوه دعاء غير متضرع، بل دعاء مدلّ، كالمستغني بما عنده المدل على ربه به. وهذا من أعظم الاعتداء المنافي لدعاء الضارع الذليل الفقير المسكين من كل جهة في مجموع حالاته. فمن لم يسأل مسألة مسكين متضرع خائف فهو معتد. ومن الاعتداء: أن تعبده بما لا يشرعه، وتثني عليه بما لم يثن به على نفسه ولا أذن فيه. فإن هذا الاعتداء في دعاء الثناء والعبادة، وهو نظير الاعتداء في دعاء المسألة والطلب. وعلى هذا فتكون الآية دالة على شيئين. أحدهما: محبوب للرب ﵎ مرضى له، وهو الدعاء تضرعا وخفية.

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