the messengers.”
And His saying:
63:2 “Allah knows that you are indeed His Messenger.”
And His saying:
48:29 “Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”
All this is His testimony to His Messenger. He has made it manifest and explained it, demonstrating its truth with the utmost clarity, leaving His servants no excuse before Him and establishing the proof against them.
That He, glorified be He, bears witness to His Messenger is known through every kind of evidence: rational, transmitted, innate, self-evident, and inferential.
Whoever examines and reflects upon this will know that Allah, glorified be He, has borne the most truthful, just, and manifest testimony to His Messenger. He has confirmed his truthfulness in every way: through His speech, for whose truth He has established proofs; through His actions and His tacit approval; and through the innate disposition He has given His servants to acknowledge His perfection and declare Him free of all that is reprehensible or unbefitting of Him. At every moment, He brings forth signs demonstrating His Messenger’s truthfulness, thereby establishing the proof and removing every excuse. He decrees for him and his followers the honour, deliverance, victory, and support He has promised them. And He decrees against his enemies and those who deny him the disgrace, exemplary punishment, and immediate penalties with which He has threatened them—penalties that demonstrate the certainty of the punishment to come.
48:28 “He is the One who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to make it prevail over all religion. And Allah is sufficient as a witness.”
Thus He makes it prevail in two ways: through proof, clear exposition, and evidence; and through reasoning, dominance, and support, until it prevails over its opponents and is victorious.
And His saying:
4:166 “But Allah bears witness to what He has sent down to you: He has sent it down with His knowledge. The angels also bear witness.”
What it conveys of Allah’s knowledge, which none besides Him knows, is among the greatest testimonies that He is the One who sent it down. As He says in another passage:
11:13–14 “Or do they say, ‘He has fabricated it’? Say, ‘Then produce ten fabricated surahs like it, and call upon whomever you can besides Allah, if you are truthful.’ But if they do not respond to you, then know that it has been sent down with Allah’s knowledge, and that there is no god but Him. Will you then submit?”
The intent is not merely to state that He sent it down and that it is known to Him, just as He knows all other