to its proper branch. Second: He must distinguish their branches and know their genealogies, so that no paternal branch among them is unknown to him; he records it in a way that distinguishes their lineages.

Third: He must know which sons and daughters are born among them and record them, and know which of them die and record that as well, so that the lineage of a newborn is not lost if he fails to record it, nor does someone else claim the lineage of the deceased if he fails to mention it.

Fourth: He must train them in manners befitting the nobility of their lineage and the excellence of their ancestry, so that the esteem in which they are held remains undiminished and the honor owed to the Messenger of Allah through them is preserved.

Fifth: He must keep them above lowly professions and prevent them from base ambitions, so that none of them is brought low by disreputable conduct and none is left vulnerable to humiliation.

Sixth: He must restrain them from committing sins and prevent them from violating the sacred prohibitions, so that they may be more zealous in upholding the religion they defended and more vehement in condemning the wrong they removed, and so that no tongue may freely disparage them.

Seventh: He must prevent them from dominating the common people on account of their nobility or treating them high-handedly because of their lineage, lest this lead the people to hatred and resentment and provoke them to opposition and estrangement. He should encourage them to win hearts and cultivate affection, so that people’s inclination toward them may be stronger and their hearts toward them purer.

Eighth: He must assist them in securing their rights, so that they do not become too weak to claim them, and assist others in securing their rights from them, so that those rights are not withheld. Thus, he will secure justice for them and, by assisting others in obtaining their rights from them, deal justly with them; for justice in dealing with them consists both in treating them fairly and in obtaining justice from them.

Ninth: He must represent them in claiming their collective rights, including the share of close kin in the fayʾ and war booty that is due individually to each of them, until it is distributed among them in accordance with what Allah Most High has prescribed for them.

Tenth: He must prevent the unmarried women among them from marrying men who are not their equals, in order to safeguard their lineage and honor their sanctity, ensuring that they are married only by their guardians and not to men who are not their equals.

Eleventh: He must discipline those among them who commit occasional slips, in matters short of the fixed legal penalties, with measures that do not reach the level of a fixed penalty or involve bloodshed. He should overlook the error of those of standing among them after admonishing them, and forgive their lapse.

Twelfth: He must oversee their endowments by preserving their principal assets and developing their proceeds. If their revenues are not submitted to him, he should supervise the collectors regarding what they have collected, oversee their distribution when they distribute them, identify those entitled to them when they are assigned to particular beneficiaries, and verify the stipulated qualifications of those beneficiaries when conditions have been imposed, so that no entitled person is excluded and no undeserving person is included.

As for general naqābah, its scope is that matters concerning oversight over them are referred to him, in addition to the supervisory rights we have already mentioned: