If, however, one allows for both possibilities, then the coming-to-be of the intended object after its non-existence demands a newly occurring cause, and the discussion reverts to the first case: nothing can originate from Him except by means of a new cause. Yet the occurrence of a new event through an eternal will that necessarily entails its object is impossible, and the pre-eternity of the world without such an eternal will is likewise impossible; hence the world’s origination is established.
To sum up: with respect to the concurrence of the intended object with the divine will—if that concurrence is said to be necessary, the matter falls under the first category; if it is said to be impossible, it entails that the world is originated. As for the claim that, in the case of the Necessary Existent, His act may either accompany Him or be deferred, no recognized group has ever said so.
The Muʿtazilites, who contend that a contingent entity does not depend on a complete determinant that necessitates its effect, but merely on a capable agent who may choose to act or not, maintain that the agent’s act must be postponed beyond pre-eternity. Conversely, those who hold that a contingent entity depends upon a complete determinant that necessitates its effect—as is the view of most theologians, philosophers, and others—deem it impossible for an agent to be an agent while his act remains both possible and non-existent. Rather, when the causes of the act are complete, the effect becomes necessary; when they are incomplete, the effect is impossible. Whatever Allah wills comes to be, and whatever He does not will does not come to be. A contingent entity, in relation to something other than itself, is rendered either necessary by that other or impossible through it: if the complete cause is present, it is necessary; if it is absent, it is impossible.
It is therefore clear that among the sane and well-known thinkers there is no one who claims that an eternal effect proceeds from an agent whose effect could conceivably be delayed from Him; rather,