He relies on none but Him, fears none but Him, hopes in none but Him, so that the whole of religion is devoted to Allah alone. The Exalted says:
“Say: O disbelievers! I do not worship what you worship, nor are you worshipers of what I worship; nor will I be a worshiper of what you have worshiped, nor are you worshipers of what I worship. Yours is your religion, and mine is mine.”
(Sūrat al-Kāfirūn)
This tawḥīd therefore affirms that Allah is the Creator, Lord, and Master of everything, with no partner whatsoever in His dominion. Yet the Jahmiyyah and those who followed them in negation inserted into tawḥīd the denial of the divine attributes—an outright nullification that clashes with clear reason and sound revelation. Later atheists adopted this notion and intensified the negation even further.
The Jahmiyyah used to say, “The One is He who cannot be divided,” a vague phrase. Allah, exalted is He, is indeed beyond division or partition, but what they meant by it was the rejection of the attributes, claiming that “the One” is He in whom there is no composition.
It is self-evident that the kind of composition intelligible to the human mind is impossible for Allah. Such composition occurs when two distinct entities are brought together by something else; even if they were to combine of themselves it would still constitute composition—albeit of another sort—and this is even more emphatically impossible for Allah. Every form of composition people can conceive falls under this heading, and it is ruled out for the Creator by the dictates of reason and the agreement of the rational.
Their contention that a body is composed of discrete atoms, or of matter and form, is rejected by the majority of rational thinkers even with respect to created bodies; how much more must it be rejected concerning the Creator, exalted be He. Likewise, their claim that concrete entities are composites of existence and quiddity is dismissed by most rational people regarding created things—so its dismissal concerning the Creator is all the more imperative.