He said: “A thing exerts no influence until it has already become an influencer, yet it never becomes an influencer unless it is one to begin with; therefore, under such a claim it never becomes an influencer at all.
If someone were to say, however, ‘He does not influence this until he has influenced something else, and he does not influence that second thing until he has influenced a third before it,’ this would be an infinite chain of successive effects and influences. Such a regress concerns the individual effects, not the very root of his power to influence. In this case the second influence is not contingent upon the agent’s possessing the capacity to influence in and of himself—he already possesses that—but upon a prior act of influence. Thus an ongoing sequence of influences would follow, and as long as the agent is, in himself, an influencer, such a sequence poses no problem.
In other words, the Lord—exalted be He—does not rely on anything whatsoever in order to be a Creator. His creating this particular thing, however, may depend on His having created something else; a regress in specific acts of creation is therefore only a regress in effects.
A regress in the very root of creation, by contrast, is a regress in the root of causation itself, and that is impossible—unlike successive influences upon successive effects, where each act pertains to something other than what the first act pertained to. This is merely a regress in effects and in derivative acts of influence; it is not a regress in the root of influence, for He is, in Himself, an Influencer. What is impossible is to claim that a thing cannot become an influencer until it is already an influencer, or a creator until it is already a creator.
On this basis the Imams of Ahl al-Sunnah—may Allah be pleased with them—have argued, for Allah the Exalted has said:
“Our word to a thing, when We will it, is only that We say to it, ‘Be!’—and it is” (Qur’an 16:40);
and He has said:
“His command, when He wills a thing, is only that He says to it, ‘Be!’—and it is” (Qur’an 36:82).