Al-ṢafadiyyahIbn Taimiya

He said: “A thing exerts no influence until it has already become an influencer, yet it never becomes an influencer unless it is one to begin with; therefore, under such a claim it never becomes an influencer at all.

If someone were to say, however, ‘He does not influence this until he has influenced something else, and he does not influence that second thing until he has influenced a third before it,’ this would be an infinite chain of successive effects and influences. Such a regress concerns the individual effects, not the very root of his power to influence. In this case the second influence is not contingent upon the agent’s possessing the capacity to influence in and of himself—he already possesses that—but upon a prior act of influence. Thus an ongoing sequence of influences would follow, and as long as the agent is, in himself, an influencer, such a sequence poses no problem.

In other words, the Lord—exalted be He—does not rely on anything whatsoever in order to be a Creator. His creating this particular thing, however, may depend on His having created something else; a regress in specific acts of creation is therefore only a regress in effects.

A regress in the very root of creation, by contrast, is a regress in the root of causation itself, and that is impossible—unlike successive influences upon successive effects, where each act pertains to something other than what the first act pertained to. This is merely a regress in effects and in derivative acts of influence; it is not a regress in the root of influence, for He is, in Himself, an Influencer. What is impossible is to claim that a thing cannot become an influencer until it is already an influencer, or a creator until it is already a creator.

On this basis the Imams of Ahl al-Sunnah—may Allah be pleased with them—have argued, for Allah the Exalted has said:

“Our word to a thing, when We will it, is only that We say to it, ‘Be!’—and it is” (Qur’an 16:40);

and He has said:

“His command, when He wills a thing, is only that He says to it, ‘Be!’—and it is” (Qur’an 36:82).

قال: لا يؤثر حتى يصير مؤثرا ولا يصير مؤثرا حتى يصير مؤثرا لم يصر مؤثرا بحال. وأما إذا قيل: لا يكون مؤثرا في هذا حتى يؤثر في شيء آخر ولا يكون مؤثرا في ذلك الشيء حتى يكون مؤثرا في شيء قبله فهذا تسلسل في الآثار والتأثيرات المتعاقبة ليس هو تسلسلا في نفس أصل كونه مؤثرا فالتأثير الثاني ليس موقوفا على كون المؤثر في نفسه مؤثرا فإنه مؤثر بنفسه بل على حدوث تأثير قبل هذا التأثير فيلزم وجود تأثيرات متعاقبة فإن كان المؤثر مؤثرا في نفسه جاز ذلك. ومعنى ذلك أن الرب تعالى لا يتوقف كونه خالقا على غيره أصلا وأما كونه خالقا لهذا فقد يكون مشروطا بخلقه لغيره فالتسلسل في التأثيرات المعينة تسلسل في الآثار. وأما التسلسل في أصل الخلق فهو تسلسل في أصل التأثير وذلك ممتنع بخلاف التأثيرات المتعاقبة لآثار متعاقبة وأن كل تأثير في غير ما أثر فيه الأول وهذا تسلسل في الآثار وفي التأثيرات هي آثار لغيرها ليس تسلسلا في نفس أصل التأثير فإنه مؤثر بنفسه والممتنع هو أن لا يصير الشيء مؤثرا حتى يصير مؤثرا ولا يصير خالقا حتى يصير خالقا. وبهذا احتج أئمة السنة رضي الله عنهم فإن الله قد قال: {إِنَّمَا قَوْلُنَا لِشَيْءٍ إِذَا أَرَدْنَاهُ أَنْ نَقُولَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ} (سورة النحل ٤٠) وقال تعالى: {إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُ إِذَا أَرَادَ شَيْئاً أَنْ يَقُولَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ} (سورة يس ٨٢)

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