He asked me about it, so I spoke to him of the very root of their doctrine, as well as that of Ibn ʿArabī, Ibn Sīnā, and all who resemble them. I made it clear that their position ultimately goes back to “absolute existence,” and I then demonstrated that such an absolute can have no reality except in the mind, never in the concrete world. The man had a keen intellect; once this became evident to him, he began composing rebuttals against them.
He then visited one of their senior shaykhs and said, “I have heard that a discussion took place between you and so-and-so.” The shaykh replied, “Yes.” He asked, “What did he say to you?” The shaykh answered, “He told me, ‘In the end your whole affair reduces to absolute existence.’” The visitor said, “Good; how do you refute that?” He replied, “By saying that the absolute exists only in the mind, not in the external world.” At this the shaykh cried, “He has wrecked our houses and torn up our very roots!”—and other remarks to the same effect.
One may respond to all this as follows. The “unconditioned universal” (al-muṭlaq lā bi-sharṭ) is that which is truly predicable of external particulars, and it is what the philosophers call the “natural universal.” Thus, when we say “human being” without conditioning it by oneness or multiplicity, or by existence or non-existence, the term is realized outside the mind only as a determinate, qualified individual. Whoever imagines that it exists in the outside world as a universal is mistaken; externally it exists only as a particular individual, while its universality is confined to the intellect.
It is called “universal” in the same way that a name is called “general,” and the concept in the mind is called “general,” because it embraces the individuals that in fact exist outside—not because, when it exists outside, it is itself general or absolute, for that is impossible. Nothing exists externally except what possesses a specific, particular essence devoid of any generality or absoluteness. The logicians therefore say that a universal, whether it be a genus or a differentia