He was therefore more entitled to precedence than the rest of the Prophet’s relatives. Yet when, after saying to him, “Are you not pleased to hold with respect to me the position of Aaron to Moses?” the Prophet still placed Abū Bakr over him, we realize that the saying does not prove ʿAlī to be Aaron’s counterpart in every respect. Had it meant that, Abū Bakr would never have been preferred to him—neither for the pilgrimage nor in leading the prayer—just as Moses never set anyone over Aaron. The comparison concerns succession alone, and that was something ʿAlī shared with others.
In a sound report the Prophet ﷺ likened Abū Bakr to Abraham and Jesus, and he likened ʿUmar to Noah and Moses (93) when the two advised him at Badr—Abū Bakr pressing for ransom, ʿUmar for execution. This parallel is weightier than ʿAlī’s being compared to Aaron, yet no one claimed that Abū Bakr or ʿUmar thereby attained the rank of those messengers in an absolute sense. Rather, each of them resembled the prophets in a particular trait: the former in his gentleness for Allah’s sake, the latter ⦗4/a⦘ in his firmness for Allah’s sake (94). Drawing a comparison on the basis of partial similarity is common in the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and Arabic speech.
As for the report, “Whomever I am his mawla, ʿAlī is his mawla. O Allah, befriend whoever befriends him, oppose whoever opposes him, give victory to whoever aids him, abandon whoever forsakes him, and make the truth turn with him wherever he turns” (95):
This ḥadīth appears in none of the major collections except al-Tirmidhī (96), and there it contains only the words, “Whomever I am his mawla, ʿAlī is his mawla” (97). The additional phrases do not belong to the report. When Imām Aḥmad—may Allah have mercy on him—was asked about them he said, “Those additions come from Kūfa” (98).
There is no doubt that they are spurious for several reasons. First, the truth does not revolve around any single person after the Prophet ﷺ—neither Abū Bakr, nor ʿUmar, nor ʿUthmān, nor ʿAlī—because if it did, that individual would stand in the Prophet’s place and everything he said would have to be followed. Yet it is well known that ʿAlī’s own Companions and supporters disputed with him on many issues and did not always defer to his view; indeed, in some matters there were