and by his statement of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the Day of Khaybar ⦗41⦘: “Tomorrow I shall certainly hand the banner to a man who loves Allah and His Messenger, and whom Allah and His Messenger love; Allah will grant victory at his hand.” He then gave it to ʿAli ⦗42⦘.
and by his statement: “For whomever I am his mawla (patron), ʿAli is his mawla. O Allah, befriend whoever befriends him ⦗43⦘, oppose whoever opposes him, and make the truth incline with him wherever he turns.” ⦗44⦘
and by his statement on the Day of Ghadir Khumm ⦗45⦘: “I remind you, by Allah, concerning the people of my household.” ⦗46⦘
and by the saying of the Exalted: “Say, ‘Come, let us call our sons and your sons…’” (Āl ʿImrān 3:61); and by His saying: “These two adversaries have disputed concerning their Lord” ⦗47⦘ (al-Ḥajj 22:19); and by His saying: “Has there not come upon man a period of time when he was nothing worthy of mention?” (al-Insān 76:1). He maintains that this surah was revealed about ʿAli—may Allah be pleased with him. Give us your verdict.
All praise is due to Allah ⦗1/أ⦘, Lord of the worlds. We must first realize that preferment is established only when the preferred person possesses distinctive qualities that the other lacks. Thus, if two individuals share the same grounds of merit, yet one of them enjoys additional qualities not shared by the other, he is superior. As for virtues that someone shares with others, they are indeed merits, honors, and noble traits, but—being shared—they do not in themselves prove his superiority over anyone else.
On this basis, the distinctive merits with which al-Ṣiddīq, Abu Bakr—may Allah be pleased with him—was singled out are exclusive to him; no one shares them with him. The merits of ʿAli—may Allah be pleased with him—are, however, shared with others besides him.
This is demonstrated by the Prophet’s statement: “If I were to take anyone from the people of the earth as an intimate friend, I would take Abu Bakr as an intimate friend. Let no khawkhah ⦗48⦘ remain open into the mosque except that it be closed, except for Abu Bakr’s khawkhah. The person who has shown me the greatest favor through his companionship and his wealth is Abu Bakr.” ⦗49⦘ Both al-Bukhārī and Muslim narrated it from Abu Saʿid ⦗50⦘ ⦗51⦘, and the incident of intimate friendship (khulla) is recorded in the two Ṣaḥīḥ collections through multiple chains ⦗52⦘.
(41) Khaybar: in the Jewish tongue the word means “fortress”. The name then came to designate the whole district, which comprised seven forts, cultivated land and numerous date-palms. The Prophet conquered it in the seventh year after the Hijra; it lies some 164 km north of Madina. See: Muʿjam al-Buldan 2/409; Marwiyyat Ghazwat Khaybar, p. 8.
(42) Al-Bukhari, Sahih, Book of the Military Campaigns, chapter “The Expedition of Khaybar”, 1542 / no. 3973. The wording is identical to that quoted by the author, except that al-Bukhari places the phrase “Allah will grant victory at his hands” immediately after “Tomorrow I shall give the banner to a man…”.
(43) The phrase “O Allah, befriend (him)” is repeated in the original manuscript, appearing again after “and befriend him”.
(44) The sentence “Whoever’s mawla I am, ʿAli is his mawla” is recorded by al-Tirmidhi, Sunan, Book of Merits, 5/591, no. 3713, through two chains from Shuʿba. He comments: “This hadith is hasan sahih,” and this is correct, for all the transmitters are reliable.
Al-Nasaʾi transmits it up to the words “and support those who support him” in Khasaʾis Amir al-Muʾminin ʿAli b. Abi Talib, ed. Abu Ishaq al-Huwayni, pp. 99–100, no. 95; the editor judges the chain sahih. Ibn Kathir likewise says, “Its isnad is good” (al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya 5/210). ʿAbd Allah b. Ahmad cites it in the Zawaʾid of the Musnad 1/118, ending with “and abandon those who abandon him.”
The complete wording runs: “O Allah, whomever I am his mawla, ʿAli is his mawla. O Allah, befriend whoever befriends him, oppose whoever opposes him, give victory to whoever supports him, and abandon whoever abandons him.” Its chain, however, contains Sharik b. ʿAbd Allah al-Nakhaʿi, who had a poor memory, and ʿAmr Dhi-Mar, who is unknown.
Ibn Hajar observes: “This hadith comes through very numerous routes, collected by Ibn ʿUqda in an independent volume; many of the isnads are sahih or hasan.”
Al-Dhahabi says in Siyar 8/334-335: “It is a hasan hadith, and its first clause is mutawatir.”
Shaykh al-Albani graded the first two clauses—“Whoever’s mawla I am, ʿAli is his mawla; O Allah, befriend whoever befriends him and oppose whoever opposes him”—as sahih, but hesitated over the addition “and give victory to whoever supports him and abandon whoever abandons him,” seeing no corroboration that removes its weakness (al-Silsila al-Sahiha 4/343-344, no. 1750).
I note that the clause “and give victory to whoever supports him” is indeed reported with a sahih chain whose transmitters are all trustworthy, whereas I have not found “and abandon whoever abandons him” with a sound chain except in the report of ʿAbd Allah b. Ahmad, which contains Sharik—truthful yet prone to error—and ʿAmr b. Dhi-Mar, who is majhul; hence the hadith with this addition is weak.
The final clause “and cause the truth to turn with him wherever he turns” appears in al-Tirmidhi 5/592, no. 3714 with the wording “O Allah, cause the truth to be with him wherever he turns.” Al-Tirmidhi calls it gharib and remarks that Mukhtar b. Nafiʿ, its Basran transmitter, narrates many oddities. Ibn Hajar (Taqrib, no. 6525) grades him weak. Accordingly, this clause is not established.
The sound text therefore stands up to “…and give victory to whoever supports him”; the remainder—“…and abandon whoever abandons him, and cause the truth to turn with him wherever he turns”—is not proven.
(45) Ghadir Khumm—now known as al-Ghuraba—is a shallow basin with a few date-palms belonging to tribesmen of Harb. It lies eight kilometres east of al-Juhfa. See: Muʿjam Maʿalim al-Hijaz 3/159.
(46) Muslim, Sahih, Book of the Merits of the Companions, 4/1873, no. 2408.
(47) In the original manuscript the Qurʾanic verse is written by the copyist in the margin.
(48) Al-khawkhah (both khaʾs with fatḥa) is a small doorway resembling a large window, usually set between two houses and fitted with a door; see Ibn al-Athir, al-Nihaya 2/86.
(49) Al-Bukhari, Sahih, Book of Prayer, chapter “The small door and passageway in the mosque”, 1/558 with Fath al-Bari, nos. 466–467; Muslim, Sahih, Book of the Merits of the Companions, chapter on the virtues of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, 4/1854, no. 2382. Wording closest to that cited by the author: “The person who has done the greatest favour to me with his property and companionship is Abu Bakr. Were I to take an intimate friend other than my Lord, I would have taken Abu Bakr as a khalil, but it is the brotherhood of Islam. Let no door remain in the mosque except the door of Abu Bakr.” A version through Ibn Masʿud reads: “If I were to take anyone on earth as a khalil …” (Muslim, no. 2383). Another wording: “No doorway in the mosque should remain but must be blocked, except the doorway of Abu Bakr” (al-Bukhari, Fath al-Bari 1/558, no. 466).
(50) Saʿd b. Malik, Abu Saʿid al-Khudri, an Ansari Companion; both he and his father embraced Islam. He fought in every battle after Uhud and died in Madina in 63 AH—some say 64 AH. See: Taqrib, p. 232.
(51) Al-Bukhari, Sahih, Book of Mosques, 1/177, no. 454; Muslim, Sahih, Book of the Merits of the Companions, 4/1854, no. 2382.
(52) Among the relevant reports are those of Ibn ʿAbbas in Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Mosques, chapter “The small door and passageway in the mosque”, 1/178, and in the Book of the Merits of the Companions, chapter “Had I taken a khalil…”, 3/1338; of ʿAbd Allah b. al-Zubayr, 3/1338, no. 3458; and of ʿAbd Allah b. Masʿud, Muslim, Sahih, 4/1854-1855, nos. 2382-2383.