Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (2/333)

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Obligations owed without consideration fall into two categories:

The first comprises those imposed by Islamic law without being voluntarily undertaken.

The second comprises those that become binding under Islamic law only when voluntarily undertaken.

As for obligations that become binding only when voluntarily undertaken—such as gifts, charitable donations, and grants that do not form the basis of marriage contracts—there is no disagreement that they confer no right to participate in the proportional distribution among creditors, because insolvency invalidates them just as death does.

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As for grants on the basis of which marriages are contracted, undertakings to pay the purchase price of goods as part of sale contracts, undertakings to pay dowers as part of marriage contracts, and guarantees of purchase prices as part of sale contracts, these confer a right to participate in the proportional distribution, because they became binding in return for consideration. There is, however, disagreement concerning grants on the basis of which marriages are contracted.

There is also disagreement concerning undertakings to pay a purchase price or a dower after the contract has been concluded. One view is that these confer a right to participate in the proportional distribution, because the beneficiary of the undertaking has, on that account, refrained from pursuing his debtor, and this resembles consideration. Another view is that they confer no such right, because they were undertaken without consideration. This disagreement should also apply to guarantees given after the conclusion of a sale contract, although the recorded position of the jurists is that such guarantees remain binding during life and after death and confer a right to participate in the proportional distribution.

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As for obligations imposed by Islamic law without being voluntarily undertaken—such as maintenance for parents and children, and the blood money borne by the ʿāqila (the group collectively liable for blood money)—there are two views:

فصل وأما ما كان من الحقوق الواجبة في الذمة على غير عوض فإنها تنقسم على قسمين: أحدهما: أن تكون واجبة بالشرع من غير أن تلتزم. والثاني: ألا تجب بالشرع إلا أن تلتزم. فأما ما كان منها غير واجبة بالشرع إلا أن تلتزم كالهبات والصدقات والنحل التي لم تنعقد عليها الأنكحة، فلا اختلاف أن المحاصة لا تجب بها؛ لأن الفلس يبطلها كما يبطلها الموت. فصل وأما النحل التي تنعقد عليها الأنكحة وحمل أثمان السلع في عقود البيع، وحمل الصدقات في عقود الأنكحة والحمالات بالأثمان في عقود البيع، فالمحاصة بها واجبة؛ لأنها لزمت على عوض وفي النحل التي تنعقد عليها الأنكحة اختلاف، وكذلك اختلف أيضا في حمل الثمن بعد العقد وفي حمل الصداق بعد العقد: فقيل: إن المحاصة بها واجبة؛ لأن المحمول له ترك اتباع ذمة غريمه من أجل ذلك فأشبه العوض، وقيل: إن المحاصة بها غير واجبة، لأنها خرجت على غير عوض وهذا الاختلاف يجب أن يدخل في الحمالة بعد عقد البيع وإن كان الموجود لهم لزوم ذلك في الحياة وبعد الممات، ووجوب المحاصة به. فصل وأما ما كان منها واجبا بالشرع دون أن يلتزم كنفقة الآباء والأبناء وما تحمله العاقلة من الدية، فاختلف فيه على قولين: