Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (2/274)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

for a man who acquires knowledge of these and similar matters through reports to testify to them, affirm them with certainty, and give conclusive testimony concerning them.

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Allah, blessed and exalted is He, is a witness over His creation. Allah, mighty and majestic is He, says:

“Allah is a witness to what you do.” [Āl ʿImrān: 98]

The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, is a witness over his community, and his community will bear witness over all other communities on the Day of Resurrection. It also bears witness concerning Allah to what He has testified concerning Himself and what His angels and those endowed with knowledge have testified concerning Him. Its members bear witness for one another concerning their worldly dealings, gifts, offences, and all the other matters that arise among them.

Allah, mighty and majestic is He, says:

“O you who believe, stand firmly for justice as witnesses for Allah, even against yourselves, your parents, or close relatives. Whether one is rich or poor, Allah has a greater claim on both. So do not follow your desires, lest you deviate from justice. If you distort your testimony or refuse to give it, Allah is fully aware of what you do.” [Al-Nisāʾ: 135]

He, blessed and exalted is He, says:

“And establish testimony for Allah.” [Al-Talāq: 2]

He says:

“And call upon two witnesses from among your men. If there are not two men, then a man and two women from among those you approve as witnesses.” [Al-Baqarah: 282]

He says:

“And call upon two just men from among you as witnesses.” [Al-Talāq: 2]

He says:

“O you who believe, when death approaches any of you, let two just men from among you bear witness when you make your bequest, or two others from outside your community if you are travelling through the land”—the verse. [Al-Māʾidah: 106]

He says:

“And take witnesses whenever you transact with one another.” [Al-Baqarah: 282]

للرجل إذا وقع له العلم بهذه الأمور وما أشبهها من جهة الخبر أن يشهد بذلك ويقطع عليه وتبت الشهادة عليه. فصل فالله ﵎ شاهد على خلقه، قال الله ﷿: ﴿وَاللَّهُ شَهِيدٌ عَلَى مَا تَعْمَلُونَ﴾ [آل عمران: ٩٨]. والنبي ﷺ شاهد على أمته، وأمته شاهدة على جميع الأمم - يوم القيامة، وشاهدة لله بما شهد به لنفسه، وبما شهدت له به ملائكته وأولو العلم؛ وبعضها شاهد لبعض فيما يدور بينهم في الدنيا من المعاملات والهبات، والجنايات وسائر ما يقع بينهم من الأمور الدائرات. قال الله ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُونُوا قَوَّامِينَ بِالْقِسْطِ شُهَدَاءَ لِلَّهِ وَلَوْ عَلَى أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَوِ الْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالأَقْرَبِينَ إِنْ يَكُنْ غَنِيًّا أَوْ فَقِيرًا فَاللَّهُ أَوْلَى بِهِمَا فَلا تَتَّبِعُوا الْهَوَى أَنْ تَعْدِلُوا وَإِنْ تَلْوُوا أَوْ تُعْرِضُوا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا﴾ [النساء: ١٣٥]، وقال ﵎: ﴿وَأَقِيمُوا الشَّهَادَةَ لِلَّهِ﴾ [الطلاق: ٢]. وقال: ﴿وَاسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُونَا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَامْرَأَتَانِ مِمَّنْ تَرْضَوْنَ مِنَ الشُّهَدَاءِ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٨٢]. وقال: ﴿وَأَشْهِدُوا ذَوَيْ عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ﴾ [الطلاق: ٢]. وقال: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا شَهَادَةُ بَيْنِكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ حِينَ الْوَصِيَّةِ اثْنَانِ ذَوَا عَدْلٍ مِنْكُمْ أَوْ آخَرَانِ مِنْ غَيْرِكُمْ إِنْ أَنْتُمْ ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ﴾ [المائدة: ١٠٦]- الآية وقال: ﴿وَأَشْهِدُوا إِذَا تَبَايَعْتُمْ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٨٢].