Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (2/261)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

in ignorance—he is in Hell.” It is also related that he, peace be upon him, said: “Judges are of three kinds: two are in Hell and one is in Paradise. A judge who acts in ignorance and comes to ruin, destroying people’s property and himself, is in Hell. A judge who has knowledge but acts frivolously—meaning unjustly—destroying people’s property and himself, is in Hell. A judge who has knowledge and acts justly, safeguarding people’s property and saving himself, is in Paradise.” It is related that Ibn ʿUmar said: “I have heard that judges are of three kinds: a man who acts unjustly is in Hell; a man who presumes to judge matters of which he has no knowledge is in Hell; and a man who has knowledge and exercises independent legal judgment escapes with neither reward nor blame.”

This, however, is refuted by the hadith in which the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “When a judge exercises independent legal judgment and reaches the correct decision, he has two rewards; when he exercises independent legal judgment and errs, he has one reward.” Iyās ibn Muʿāwiya said to al-Hasan: “I have heard that judges are of three kinds,” mentioning among them “a man who exercises independent legal judgment but errs, and is therefore in Hell.” Al-Hasan replied: “The account Allah has related to us about David and Solomon refutes what these people say. Allah, glorified is He, says:

‘And David and Solomon, when they judged concerning the field into which some people’s sheep had strayed by night; We were witnesses to their judgment.’ [al-Anbiyāʾ: 78]

‘We gave Solomon understanding of the case, and to each We gave sound judgment and knowledge.’ [al-Anbiyāʾ: 79]

He praised Solomon without censuring David.”

It is also related in the hadith of Muʿādh ibn Jabal that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, “permitted him to exercise his own legal judgment in matters not addressed in the Book and the Sunnah. When he sent him to Yemen, he asked him, ‘How will you judge?’ He replied, ‘I will judge according to what is in the Book of Allah.’ He asked, ‘And if you find nothing in the Book of Allah?’ He replied, ‘Then according to the Sunnah of His Messenger.’ He asked, ‘And if you find nothing there?’ He replied, ‘I will exercise my own legal judgment.’ He then said, ‘Praise be to Allah, who has guided the messenger of His Messenger to what pleases His Messenger.’”

على جهل فهو في النار»، وروي عنه- ﵇ أنه قال: «الحكام ثلاثة: اثنان في النار وواحد في الجنة، حكم جهل فخسر فأهلك أموال الناس وأهلك نفسه ففي النار، وحكم علم فهزل - يعني جار- فأهلك أموال الناس وأهلك نفسه ففي النار، وحكم علم فعدل وأحرز أموال الناس وأحرز نفسه ففي الجنة». وروي عن ابن عمر أنه قال: بلغني «أن القضاة ثلاثة، رجل جار فهو في النار، ورجل تكلف فقضى بما لا يعلم فهو في النار، ورجل علم فاجتهد فذلك ينجو كفافا لا له ولا عليه». وهذا يرده الحديث، قال رسول الله- ﷺ: «إذا اجتهد الحاكم فأصاب فله أجران، وإذا اجتهد فأخطأ فله أجر». وقال إياس بن معاوية للحسن: بلغني أن القضاة ثلاثة، فذكر فيهم: رجل اجتهد فأخطأ فهو في النار، فقال الحسن: إن فيما قضى الله علينا من نبأ داود وسليمان ما يرد قول هؤلاء الناس. يقول الله سبحانه: ﴿وَدَاوُدَ وَسُلَيْمَانَ إِذْ يَحْكُمَانِ فِي الْحَرْثِ إِذْ نَفَشَتْ فِيهِ غَنَمُ الْقَوْمِ وَكُنَّا لِحُكْمِهِمْ شَاهِدِينَ﴾ [الأنبياء: ٧٨] ﴿فَفَهَّمْنَاهَا سُلَيْمَانَ وَكُلا آتَيْنَا حُكْمًا وَعِلْمًا﴾ [الأنبياء: ٧٩]، فأثنى على سليمان ولم يذم داود. وقد روي في حديث معاذ بن جبل أن النبي- ﷺ «أذن له أن يجتهد رأيه فيما لم يكن في الكتاب والسنة، قال له لما بعثه إلى اليمن: "كيف تقضي؟ " قال له: أقضي بما في كتاب الله، قال: "فإن لم تجد في كتاب الله؟ "، قال: ففي سنة رسوله، قال: "فإن لم تجد؟ "، قال: أجتهد رأيي، فقال: "الحمد لله الذي وفق رسول رسوله لما يرضي رسوله».