the claimant; for the defendant’s statement is not accepted merely because he is the defendant, nor is the claimant required to produce evidence supporting his claim merely because he is the claimant. Rulings depend not on labels, but on underlying considerations. The reason the defendant’s statement is accepted is that he has grounds indicating his truthfulness, whereas the claimant has only his unsupported claim. These grounds consist either in his possession of the property, if the claim concerns a specific item, or in his presumed freedom from liability, in accordance with the original presumption that a person bears no liability, if the claim concerns an obligation owed by him. The reason the claimant must produce evidence supporting his claim is that his claim lacks any grounds indicating its truthfulness.
If, however, the claimant has grounds supporting his statement that are stronger than those of the defendant—such as a single witness, a pledge, or something comparable, such as the drawing of the curtain—then he, rather than the defendant, must be called upon first to swear an oath. If neither party has grounds indicating his truthfulness, as when both claim an item that is in neither party’s possession, or if each has grounds equivalent to the other’s, with neither having an advantage—as when their evidence is equally balanced and the item is in neither party’s possession—then neither is to be called upon to swear before the other. Both must swear, and the item must be divided between them.
Section
The governing principle here is that the first of the two litigants to be called upon to swear is the one whose claim is more plausible because of grounds supporting his truthfulness, whether he is the claimant or the defendant. For the claimant and the defendant are, in reality, both making claims. For example, when someone claims a house in another man’s possession, both are making claims to it, since each claims it for himself to the exclusion of the other. They thus stand on an equal footing as regards making a claim, but the man in possession of the house has the advantage of possession, making his claim more plausible. His statement is therefore accepted for this reason, not merely because he is the defendant.