and overstating it; (2) fraud and deception; or (3) concealment of a defect. Each of these categories has its own ruling.
Section
If someone sells at a disclosed cost and profit but overstates the cost price, the ruling is that, while the goods remain returnable, the buyer may choose either to keep them at the full agreed price or to return them. However, if the seller agrees to deduct the overstatement and the corresponding share of the profit, the sale becomes binding on the buyer. If the goods are no longer returnable and the seller refuses to deduct the overstatement and its corresponding profit, the seller is entitled to their assessed value. If that value exceeds the agreed sale price, he receives no more than that price; if it falls below the actual cost price together with its corresponding profit, the buyer may deduct nothing from that amount.
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If someone sells at a disclosed cost and profit and deceives and defrauds the buyer by concealing something about the goods that the buyer would find objectionable, without overstating the cost price or concealing a defect, the ruling is that, while the goods remain returnable, the buyer may choose either to keep them at the full agreed price or to return them. The seller cannot compel him to keep them, even by reducing the price. If the goods are no longer returnable, the amount payable is the lower of their assessed value and the agreed price.
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If someone conceals a defect in a sale at a disclosed cost and profit, the ruling—whether the goods remain returnable or not—is the same as for a sale not based on a disclosed cost and profit. If the goods remain returnable, the buyer may choose either to return them and recover the full price or to keep them without compensation. If a serious defect has since developed in them, he may choose either to return them and compensate for the reduction in value caused by the defect that arose while they were in his possession, or to keep them and recover the amount by which the original defect reduced their value, together with the corresponding share of the profit.
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According to Ibn al-Qāsim’s position, these three categories govern all sales at a disclosed cost and profit, except for two cases that depart from this principle, in which he did not apply the ruling for a false statement in a sale