Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

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In the school of Mālik, may Allah have mercy on him, and his companions, advance-payment sales are permissible both for goods that become unavailable and for goods that remain available, provided that delivery of goods that become unavailable is stipulated for a time when they are available. If delivery is stipulated for a time when they are unavailable, the transaction is not permissible. Some scholars permit advance-payment sales only for goods that remain available from the conclusion of the contract until delivery falls due. Others permit them only for goods that are always available and never become unavailable.

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Those who permit advance-payment sales only for goods that remain available from the conclusion of the contract until its due date argue that the seller may die, whereupon his delivery obligation becomes immediately due. This might occur when the goods are unavailable, thus introducing uncertainty into the transaction. Those who permit advance-payment sales only for goods that never become unavailable, either before or after delivery falls due, argue that delivery may be delayed beyond the due date, with or without an excuse, until the season ends. The purchaser would then have his principal refunded, or delivery would be postponed until the following year—and this entails uncertainty.

None of these objections, however, is compelling. Once contracts are validly concluded and free of uncertainty, no account is taken of unintended circumstances that may subsequently arise. Were such circumstances taken into account, no contract could be valid and no sale could ever be free of objection. Indeed, an advance-payment sale of seasonal goods, with delivery stipulated during their season, has an even stronger claim to permissibility than one involving goods that are always available, although both are permissible. This is because, in an advance-payment sale of goods that are always available, the delivery obligation becomes immediately due upon the seller’s death, and his survival until the due date cannot be assured. With seasonal goods, however, the delivery obligation does not become immediately due upon the seller’s death. His estate is held until the season arrives and the purchaser receives what he is owed. Only then is the seller’s property divided among his heirs, in accordance with the words of Allah, mighty and majestic:

“After any bequest he may have made or any debt.” [al-Nisā’: 11]

Thus, this entails less uncertainty.

فصل والسلم في مذهب مالك ﵀ وأصحابه جائز فيما ينقطع من أيدي الناس وفيما لا ينقطع من أيديهم، إذا اشترط الأخذ فيما ينقطع من أيديهم في حين وجوده، فإن اشترط الأخذ في حين عدمه لم يجز، ومن أهل العلم من لا يجيز السلم إلا فيما يكون موجودا بأيدي الناس من حين عقد السلم إلى حين حلوله، ومنهم من لا يجيز السلم إلا فيما يكون موجودا بأيدي الناس ولا ينقطع في وقت من الأوقات. فصل فمن حجة من لا يجيز السلم إلا فيما يكون موجودا من حين عقد السلم إلى حين حلول أجله، أن المسلم إليه قد يموت فيحل عليه السلم بموته، وربما كان ذلك في حين انقطاعه فيئول ذلك إلى الغرر، ومن حجة من لا يجيز السلم إلا فيما لا ينقطع قبل حلول السلم ولا بعده، أن القضاء قد يتأخر لعذر أو لغير عذر بعد حلول الأجل حتى ينقضي الإبان فيرد إليه رأس ماله، أو يتأخر إلى العام المقبل - وذلك غرر، وهذا كله لا يلزم، لأن العقود إذا صحت وسلمت من الغرر، فلا يراعى ما يطرأ عليها بعد ذلك مما لم يقصد إليه، إذ لو روعي ذلك، لما صح عقد ولا سلم بيع بوجه من الوجوه، بل السلم فيما له إبان على أن يقتضى في إبانه، أجوز من السلم فيما لا ينقطع من أيدي الناس وإن كانا جائزين جميعا؛ لأن السلم فيما لا ينقطع من أيدي الناس يحل بموت المسلم إليه، وحياته إلى أن يحل الأجل غير مأمونة؛ وفي ماله إبان لا يحل بموت المسلم إليه، وتوقف تركته إلى أن يأتي الإبان فيقضي حقه، وحينئذ يقسم ماله بين ورثته، لقول الله ﷿: ﴿مِنْ بَعْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ يُوصِي بِهَا أَوْ دَيْنٍ﴾ [النساء: ١١]، فهو أقل غررا.

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