so Allah pardoned them for what they had already collected and forbade them to collect what remained. It is also said that the verse was revealed concerning al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and a man from Banū al-Mughīra, who used to lend at usury. When Islam came, large sums of usurious interest were owed to them. Allah therefore revealed the verse forbidding them to collect the interest still outstanding. In his sermon on the Day of ‘Arafa during the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “Indeed, all usury from the pre-Islamic era is abolished, and the first usury to be abolished is that of al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib.”
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This provides evidence for permitting usurious dealings with the non-Muslim inhabitants of enemy territory while in that territory, as held by Abū Hanīfa and Abū Yūsuf. Mecca was enemy territory, and al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib was there as a Muslim. He had embraced Islam either before Badr—as related by Ibn Ishāq, who states that when al-‘Abbās was captured at Badr and the Prophet ﷺ ordered him to ransom himself, he offered the excuse: “I was a Muslim, and I only came out to fight you under compulsion.” The Prophet ﷺ replied: “Your outward conduct was against us, so ransom yourself.”—or before the conquest of Khaybar, if Ibn Ishāq’s account is not authentic. The latter is indicated by the report of al-Hajjāj ibn ‘Ilāt concerning al-‘Abbās’s acknowledgment of the Prophet’s messengership and his belief in what Allah had promised him.
Usury had already been prohibited by the time Khaybar was conquered, according to the report: “While the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was at Khaybar, he was brought a necklace from its spoils containing gold and beads. He ordered that the gold in the necklace be removed and sold separately, and said: ‘Gold for gold, weight for weight.’”
The Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not require the return of the usurious gains al-‘Abbās had acquired after embracing Islam—whether before Badr or before the conquest of Khaybar—up until the pre-Islamic era ended with the conquest of Mecca. He abolished only what remained outstanding and uncollected. This indicates that he permitted it, since he accorded it the same ruling as usury practised before its prohibition, and as usury between non-Muslims under Muslim protection and those belonging to enemy territory when