through sleep is lying down, followed by prostration, then sitting and bowing, and finally standing and sitting with the knees drawn up and clasped. There is disagreement concerning bowing: some equate it with standing, while others equate it with prostration. There is also disagreement concerning leaning against a support: some equate it with sitting, while others equate it with lying down. If a man sleeps lying down, deep sleep requires ablution even if brief. If he sleeps prostrating, ablution is required only if the sleep is prolonged; another view requires it for deep sleep even if brief. If he sleeps sitting or riding, no ablution is required unless the sleep is prolonged. If he sleeps standing or with his knees drawn up and clasped, no ablution is required even if the sleep is prolonged, because he remains steady.

Some scholars have added haqna to these nine things, but this is incorrect, because haqna is not a state of ritual impurity that invalidates purification: if it were to subside after arising, it would not require ablution.

Ablution is also required for nine other things, although these are disputed within the school: a man touching his penis or a woman touching her private parts; thoughts accompanied by sexual desire; an otherwise usual discharge leaving either bodily outlet in an abnormal manner; kissing someone who is an object of sexual desire, without experiencing or intending pleasure—for kissing someone who is not an object of desire, owing to young age or being a relative whom one is permanently forbidden to marry, does not require ablution in the circumstances just described; direct bodily contact and touching without experiencing pleasure but with the intention of obtaining it; apostasy; renouncing one’s ablution; and doubt as to whether ritual impurity has occurred.

More concisely, one may say that ablution is required on two grounds. The first is the discharge of the usual substances from either bodily outlet: there is agreement when they emerge in the normal manner, and disagreement when they emerge abnormally. The second consists of potential causes of discharge from either outlet: strong causes are agreed upon, whereas weak causes are disputed. This second category includes loss of awareness through deep sleep, fainting, intoxication, and insanity. It also includes kissing, direct bodily contact, and touching