Al-Muqaddimฤt al-MumahhidฤtIbn Rush al-Jadd

A recommended act is one whose performance is rewarded and whose omission is not punished. The first criterion distinguishes it from the disliked, the permissible, and the forbidden, since performing any of these carries no reward; in this respect, it resembles the obligatory. The second criterion distinguishes it from the obligatory; in this respect, it resembles the disliked, the permissible, and the forbidden.

Recommended acts fall into three categories: sunnah practices, encouraged acts, and voluntary acts. Sunnah practices are those that the Prophet ๏ทบ commanded, where his command was accompanied by an indication that he intended recommendation. They also include commands unaccompanied by such an indication, according to those who understand commands as conveying recommendation unless accompanied by evidence that obligation is intended. Alternatively, they are acts that the Prophet ๏ทบ regularly performed in a manner distinct from voluntary acts. Encouraged acts are those that the Prophet ๏ทบ regularly performed as voluntary acts, or encouraged by saying, โ€œWhoever does such-and-such will receive such-and-such.โ€ Voluntary acts are those whose performance Islamic law establishes as deserving reward, without the Prophet ๏ทบ having commanded them, encouraged them, or regularly performed them.

A permissible act is one whose performance carries no reward and whose omission carries no punishment, such as standing, sitting, moving, remaining still, and enjoying permissible food, clothing, mounts, and the like.

The forbidden is the opposite of the obligatory: it is that for whose performance Allah has threatened punishment.

The disliked is the opposite of the recommended: it is that whose omission is rewarded and whose performance is not punished. It is what is doubtful. The Messenger of Allah ๏ทบ said:

โ€œThe lawful is clear, and the unlawful is clear, and between them are doubtful mattersโ€โ€”to the end of the hadith.

Section

The acts of worship subject to these rulings fall into three categories: those pertaining to the heart, those pertaining to the body, and those involving both heart and body. Those pertaining to the heart comprise five kinds: reflection, belief, knowledge, probable judgment, and volition. Those pertaining to the body are acts whose fulfillment does not require an intention. Those involving both heart and body are acts whose performance requires an intention. This has already been explained.

ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุจ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ูุนู„ู‡ ุซูˆุงุจ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠ ุชุฑูƒู‡ ุนู‚ุงุจ ูุจุงู„ูˆุตู ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุจุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุธูˆุฑุŒ ุฅุฐ ู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ู‡ ุซูˆุงุจุŒ ูˆูˆุงูู‚ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ. ูˆุจุงู„ูˆุตู ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุจุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ูˆูˆุงูู‚ ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงุญ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุธูˆุฑ. ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู‚ุณุงู…: ุณู†ู†ุŒ ูˆุฑุบุงุฆุจุŒ ูˆู†ูˆุงูู„. ูุงู„ุณู†ู† ู…ุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ๏ทบ ุจูุนู„ู‡ ูˆุงู‚ุชุฑู† ุจุฃู…ุฑู‡ ู…ุง ูŠุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู…ุฑุงุฏู‡ ุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฏุจ ุฃูˆ ู„ู… ุชู‚ุชุฑู† ุจู‡ ู‚ุฑูŠู†ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ู…ู† ูŠุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู…ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุฏุจ ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠู‚ุชุฑู† ุจู‡ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฏู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฏ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุจ. ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ุฏุงูˆู… ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ๏ทบ ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ู‡ุŒ ุจุฎู„ุงู ุตูุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงูู„. ูˆุงู„ุฑุบุงุฆุจ ู…ุง ุฏุงูˆู… ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ๏ทบ ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ู‡ ุจุตูุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงูู„ ุฃูˆ ุฑุบุจ ููŠู‡ ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ู…ู† ูุนู„ ูƒุฐุง ูู„ู‡ ูƒุฐุง. ูˆุงู„ู†ูˆุงูู„ ู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฑ ุงู„ุดุฑุน ุฃู† ููŠ ูุนู„ู‡ ุซูˆุงุจุง ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุฃู† ูŠุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุจูŠ ๏ทบ ุจู‡ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฑุบุจ ููŠู‡ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฏุงูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ู‡. ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงุญ ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠ ูุนู„ู‡ ุซูˆุงุจ ูˆู„ุง ููŠ ุชุฑูƒู‡ ุนู‚ุงุจุŒ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ูˆุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ูˆุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณูƒูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุชุงุน ุจุงู„ู…ุจุงุญุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุทุนู… ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุจุณ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ูˆู…ุง ุฃุดุจู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ. ูˆุงู„ุญุฑุงู… ุถุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุชูˆุนุฏ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุนู‚ุงุจ. ูˆุงู„ู…ูƒุฑูˆู‡ ุถุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุจ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุชุฑูƒู‡ ุซูˆุงุจ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠ ูุนู„ู‡ ุนู‚ุงุจุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡. ู‚ุงู„ ุฑุณูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ๏ทบ: ยซุงู„ุญู„ุงู„ ุจูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุญุฑุงู… ุจูŠู† ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู…ุดุชุจู‡ุงุชยป ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ. ูุตู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุจุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญูƒุงู… ุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู‚ุณุงู…: ู‚ุณู… ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ. ูˆู‚ุณู… ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุจุฏุงู†. ูˆู‚ุณู… ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุดุชุฑูƒ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃุจุฏุงู†. ูุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุฌู†ุงุณ: ู†ุธุฑุŒ ูˆุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏุŒ ูˆุนู„ู…ุŒ ูˆุธู†ุŒ ูˆุฅุฑุงุฏุฉ. ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูˆุฌู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุจุฏุงู†: ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠูุชู‚ุฑ ููŠ ุงู…ุชุซุงู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูŠุฉ. ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุดุชุฑูƒ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃุจุฏุงู† ู…ุง ุงูุชู‚ุฑ ููŠ ุฃุฏุงุฆู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ุฏู… ุจูŠุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ.

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