rational inquiry and inference; whatever is indispensable to fulfilling an obligation is likewise obligatory. Whoever knows Allah Most High through the evidence He has established for knowing Him is a believer, and his rank in faith is higher than that of someone who believes in Him without knowledge. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:
“Are those who know equal to those who do not know?” [al-Zumar: 9]
He also says:
“Allah will raise those of you who believe and those who have been given knowledge by degrees.” [al-Mujādilah: 11]
And He Most High says:
“Only those of His servants who have knowledge truly fear Allah.” [Fātir: 28]
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Everyone who has knowledge of Allah is a believer, but not every believer in Allah has knowledge of Him.
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Our statement that faith is a condition for all acts of worship is not unqualified. Acts of worship that can validly be performed without an intention are valid even in the absence of faith, if we hold that the unbeliever is bound to observe the prescriptions of Islam. Scholars differ on this matter. Likewise, rational inquiry leading to knowledge of Allah Most High, according to those who regard it as the first obligation, requires neither faith nor intention as a condition. We have already demonstrated the unsoundness of this view.
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Acts of worship require an intention only when five conditions are met. The first is that the worship consist of an act, or of an abstention confined to a specified, fixed period, such as fasting. If the worship consists of an abstention not confined to a specified period—such as refraining from fornication, drinking wine, eating pork, and the like—it does not require an intention.
The second is that the act of worship be something that can be performed both for Allah’s sake and for some other purpose. If it can be performed only for Allah’s sake, such as intending to draw near to Him through worship, or only for a purpose other than Allah’s sake, such as rational inquiry leading to knowledge of Allah according to those who regard it as the first obligation, then this does not require