hold that faith in Allah is the assent established in the heart, and that knowledge is not a condition of its validity. This is the view that Judge Abū al-Walīd al-Bājī chose and defended. Those who hold that faith in Allah Most High is valid only after knowledge, however, say that the first obligation is rational inquiry and inference. For knowledge of Allah, exalted is He, is not immediate; it is attained only through rational inquiry and inference from the proofs He has established for knowing Him. Al-Bukhārī adopted this view in his book, entitling a chapter “Knowledge Before Speech and Action,” on the basis of Allah’s words, mighty and majestic is He:
“So know that there is no deity except Allah.” [Muhammad: 19]
He thus began with knowledge. This is also the view favoured by Judge Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī, who said that faith is knowledge and that everyone who believes in Allah knows Him. His position was that whoever does not know Allah Most High is ignorant of Him, and whoever is ignorant of Allah Most High is a disbeliever in Him. This, however, is not clearly established, for faith is valid through certainty, which may arise in someone whom Allah has guided through accepting another’s authority and through an initial reflection upon what Allah Most High has directed people to contemplate in numerous verses of His Book. Whoever says that faith in Allah is knowledge of Him, and that knowledge of Him can be attained only through rational inquiry and inference, therefore considers rational inquiry and inference the first obligation.
The aforementioned Judge Abū Bakr stated in one of his books that faith is not knowledge itself, but rather entails knowledge. For faith, linguistically, means assent, and assent belongs to the category of statements that occur within the soul and are sometimes expressed in speech. Such a statement within the heart cannot coexist with ignorance; it must entail knowledge. One of the jurists who commented on his statement said: “This is the precise formulation that accords with rational inquiry.”
Judge Abū al-Walīd al-Bājī related that his teacher, Judge Abū Jaʿfar al-Simnānī, used to say: “The position that rational inquiry is the first obligation is one of the doctrines of the Muʿtazilah that has remained within the school among those who have adhered to it; for whoever makes it the first obligation makes it obligatory