the Fire, and faith by which one is protected from entering the Fire. The faith that protects one from entering the Fire is faith unaccompanied by sin, while the faith that protects one from remaining forever in the Fire is faith accompanied by sins. Thus, while committing adultery or theft, the adulterer or thief does not possess the faith that protects one from entering the Fire, because in that state he persists in sin without repenting of it. According to this interpretation, it is only praiseworthy faith that is denied him.
Some of the shaykhs used to narrate it as “Let him not drink,” pronouncing the final bā with a kasrah and understanding it as a command: if he is a believer, let him not drink wine, steal, or commit adultery. Another explanation of the hadith is that, since faith entails believing in the threat of punishment for these major sins, it stands, as it were, in opposition to the desire that prompts them; whichever overcomes the other displaces it. Since, while committing a major sin, a person’s desire has overcome his belief and fear, he may be described as lacking faith by way of figurative extension. It has also been said that the hadith refers only to someone who commits adultery or theft while considering it lawful.
The second interpretation of faith increasing as deeds increase and decreasing as deeds decrease is that faith increases through its recurrence when acts of obedience are performed. An act of obedience can only be such when accompanied by faith. Thus, as a person’s deeds increase, the constituent parts of his faith increase through their recurrence; and as his deeds decrease, the constituent parts of his faith decrease relative to what they would have been had he performed more deeds. This is like saying that the water of a spring has decreased or increased.
According to this interpretation, the statement retains its literal meaning rather than becoming figurative, unlike the first interpretation. For the literal meaning of an increase in something is that something else is added to it, while the literal meaning of a decrease in it is that some of its parts are removed. A single thing, however, cannot in itself decrease or increase, for that is impossible.