her waiting period, or marrying a woman while already married to her daughter, mother, or sister, and similar cases in which he may not be married to both women at the same time; or marrying a Zoroastrian woman or a Christian slave woman, and similar cases. In this category, the marriage is annulled whether before or after consummation, and the specified dower is due.
Examples of marriages whose invalidity is disputed include shighār (reciprocal marriage without a dower), marriage contracted by someone in a state of pilgrimage consecration, marriage contracted while the imam is delivering the Friday sermon, and marriage contracted after proposing over another Muslim’s proposal, and similar cases.
Marriages invalid because of the dower include a man marrying a woman in exchange for something unlawful, such as wine or swine; something involving uncertainty, such as dates whose ripeness has not yet become apparent, a runaway slave, or a camel that has strayed; or a dower deferred to an unspecified date, and similar cases. In this category, the marriage is annulled before consummation but upheld afterwards, with the wife entitled to the customary dower for a woman of her standing. It has also been reported from Mālik that it is annulled both before and after consummation. Some scholars do not consider it subject to annulment, but regard it as valid both before and after consummation, with the customary dower for a woman of her standing. This is the position of al-Layth ibn Sa‘d, Abū Hanīfah, and his companions.
As for marriages invalid because of the invalid stipulations attached to them, these are too numerous to enumerate. Some stipulations entail annulment both before and after consummation; others entail annulment before consummation, while the marriage is upheld afterwards. Some marriages are upheld with the specified dower, while in others the customary dower for a woman of her standing becomes due. The ruling on some is agreed upon, while others are disputed. Each will be discussed in its proper place, Allah willing. Success comes from Allah, glorified and exalted is He.
Section
There are three opinions within the school concerning whether divorce takes legal effect and whether the spouses inherit from one another in invalid marriages. All three are recorded in al-Mudawwanah.
The first is that, in any marriage whose annulment is imposed upon both spouses, no divorce takes legal effect and neither spouse inherits from the other. Examples include shighār marriage, marriage contracted by someone in a state of pilgrimage consecration, and marriage with an invalid dower when the defect is discovered before consummation.
The second is that, in any marriage annulled before consummation but upheld afterwards, divorce takes legal effect and the spouses inherit from one another both before and after consummation. [As for a marriage annulled both before and after consummation], even if its invalidity is disputed, no divorce takes legal effect and neither spouse inherits from the other [whether before or after consummation. The third opinion is that, in any marriage whose prohibition is agreed upon, no divorce takes legal effect and neither spouse inherits from the other], and every