Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (1/454)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

Section

As for a man who needs to marry, cannot endure abstaining from women, lacks the means to take a slave concubine, and fears falling into unlawful intercourse if he does not marry, marriage is obligatory for him. For someone who has no need to marry and fears that he will not fulfil the duties Allah has imposed upon him within marriage, it is disliked. Thus, marriage is obligatory for some people, recommended for others, permissible without being recommended for others, and disliked for others, as we have explained. It is therefore incorrect to say that marriage is obligatory in all cases or recommended in all cases. Likewise, marriage may be obligatory, recommended, permissible, or disliked for a woman. As for intercourse with a slave woman whom one owns, it belongs only to the category of the permissible. Success comes from Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He.

Section: Women Whom It Is Forbidden to Marry

His words, Mighty and Majestic is He:

“Marry women of your choice, two, three, or four.” [al-Nisā’: 3]

are not unrestricted in their application. Likewise, His words, Exalted is He:

“Marry off the unmarried among you.” [al-Nūr: 32]

are not unrestricted in their application either. These are women who have no husbands, whether virgins or previously married. Allah Most High has excluded from this those women whom He has forbidden men to marry. They comprise seventeen categories: one’s mother, daughter, sister, paternal aunt, maternal aunt, brother’s daughter, sister’s daughter, mother and sister through nursing, wife’s mother, wife’s daughter—that is, one’s stepdaughter—son’s wife, father’s wife, two sisters married to the same man at the same time, married women, Magian women, and slave women from the People of the Book. Seven are forbidden through blood relationship, two through nursing, six through marital ties, and two on grounds of religion.

Allah Most High says:

“Forbidden to you in marriage are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your paternal aunts, your maternal aunts, your brothers’ daughters, and your sisters’ daughters.” [al-Nisā’: 23]

These are the women forbidden through blood relationship. Allah Most High also says:

“And your mothers who nursed you, and your sisters through nursing.” [al-Nisā’: 23]

These are the two categories forbidden through nursing. He also says:

“And your wives’ mothers, and your stepdaughters under your care, born of wives with whom you have consummated marriage—but if you have not consummated marriage with them, there is no blame upon you—and the wives of your sons who are of your own loins, and marrying two sisters at the same time, except for what has already passed.” [al-Nisā’: 23]

فصل وأما من احتاج إلى النكاح ولم يقدر علي الصبر دون النساء ولا كان عنده مال يتسرى به وخشي على نفسه العنت إن لم يتزوج فالنكاح عليه واجب. ومن لم يحتج إليه وخشي أن لا يقوم بما أوجب الله عليه فيه فهو له مكروه. فمن الناس من يجب عليه النكاح، ومنهم من يستحب له، ومنهم من هو جائز له ومباح من غير استحباب، ومنهم من يكره له على ما بيناه. فالقول: إنه واجب على الإطلاق أو مندوب إليه على الإطلاق ليس بصحيح. وكذلك المرأة قد يكون عليها النكاح واجبا، وقد يكون لها مستحبا، وقد يكون لها مباحا جائزا، وقد يكون لها مكروها. وأما الوطء بملك اليمين فإنما هو من قبيل المباح، وبالله ﷾ التوفيق. فصل في بيان ما يحرم نكاحه من النساء وقوله ﷿: ﴿فَانْكِحُوا مَا طَابَ لَكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مَثْنَى وَثُلاثَ وَرُبَاعَ﴾ [النساء: ٣] ليس على عمومه، وكذلك قَوْله تَعَالَى: ﴿وَأَنْكِحُوا الأَيَامَى مِنْكُمْ﴾ [النور: ٣٢] وهن اللواتي لا أزواج لهن أبكارا كن أو ثيبا ليس على عمومه أيضا؛ لأن الله تعالى خص من ذلك من حرمه من النساء، وذلك سبع عشرة امرأة، وهي الأم، والابنة، والأخت، والعمة، والخالة، وبنت الأخ، وبنت الأخت، والأم والأخت من الرضاعة، وأم الزوجة، وبنت الزوجة وهي الربيبة، وزوجة الابن، وزوجة الأب، والجمع بين الأختين، والمحصنات وهن ذوات الأزواج، والمجوسيات، والإماء الكتابيات. سبع بالنسب، واثنتان بالرضاع، وست بالصهر، واثنتان بالدين، فقال تعالى: ﴿حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ وَعَمَّاتُكُمْ وَخَالاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُ الأَخِ وَبَنَاتُ الأُخْتِ﴾ [النساء: ٢٣] فهؤلاء المحرمات بالنسب، وقال تعالى: ﴿وَأُمَّهَاتُكُمُ اللاتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ﴾ [النساء: ٢٣] فهاتان المحرمتان بالرضاعة وقال: ﴿وَأُمَّهَاتُ نِسَائِكُمْ وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللاتِي فِي حُجُورِكُمْ مِنْ نِسَائِكُمُ اللاتِي دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُونُوا دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَلا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَحَلائِلُ أَبْنَائِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلابِكُمْ وَأَنْ تَجْمَعُوا بَيْنَ الأُخْتَيْنِ إِلا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ﴾ [النساء: ٢٣]