Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (1/411)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

Paradise to him and make the Fire his due. He was asked, ‘Even if it is something insignificant, O Messenger of Allah?’ He replied, ‘Even if it is a twig from an arāk (toothbrush) tree.’ He said this three times.” No one in the Muslim community disagrees on this point.

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An oath is broken by the slightest infringement, but fulfilled only by complete compliance. The basis for this is that Allah Most High permitted a woman divorced three times to return to her former husband after marrying another husband, saying:

“If he divorces her, she is not lawful for him thereafter until she marries another husband.” [al-Baqarah: 230]

Thus, merely contracting the marriage, without consummating it, does not make her lawful for her former husband. This accords with what is established in the Sunnah from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him: “He told the wife of Rifāʿa ibn Samawʾal that she would not be lawful for him until she had tasted the sweetness of intercourse.”

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He prohibited marriage to women whom fathers or sons have married. Allah Most High says:

“Do not marry women whom your fathers married, except what has already passed.” [al-Nisāʾ: 22]

And Allah Most High says:

“And the wives of your sons who are of your own loins.” [al-Nisāʾ: 23]

A son’s wife therefore becomes forbidden to his father through the least act to which the term marriage applies: the marriage contract, even without consummation. Likewise, a father’s wife becomes forbidden to his son on the same basis, by the consensus of the imams. This shows that what is required to make something permissible is stronger than what suffices to prohibit it.

Thus, someone who swears not to eat a particular loaf breaks his oath by eating part of it, unless he has an intention, or the circumstances indicate, that he meant only eating the whole loaf. Someone who swears that he will eat a particular loaf fulfils his oath only by eating all of it, unless he has an intention, or the circumstances indicate, that he meant only eating part of it. Apply the same reasoning to comparable cases.

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Intention resides in the heart, not in the movement of the tongue. One of its conditions is that the oath be sworn with that intention,

عليه الجنة وأوجب له النار، قيل وإن كان شيئا يسيرا يا رسول الله قال: وإن كان قضيبا من أراك قالها ثلاثا». فلا اختلاف في هذا الوجه عند أحد من الأمة. فصل والحنث يدخل بأقل الوجوه، والبر لا يكون إلا بأكمل الوجوه. والأصل في ذلك أن الله تعالى أباح المطلقة ثلاثا بعد زوج فقال: ﴿فَإِنْ طَلَّقَهَا فَلا تَحِلُّ لَهُ مِنْ بَعْدُ حَتَّى تَنْكِحَ زَوْجًا غَيْرَهُ﴾ [البقرة: ٢٣٠]، فلا تحل له بالعقد عليها دون الدخول على ما ثبت في السنة عن النبي ﷺ «أنه قال لامرأة رفاعة بن سموأل: لا تحل له حتى تذوق العسيلة». فصل وحرم ما نكح الآباء والأبناء من النساء فقال تعالى: ﴿وَلا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ إِلا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ﴾ [النساء: ٢٢]، وقال تعالى: ﴿وَحَلائِلُ أَبْنَائِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلابِكُمْ﴾ [النساء: ٢٣]. فحرمت على الأب زوجة الابن بأقل ما يقع عليه اسم نكاح وهو العقد دون الدخول، وعلى الابن زوجة الأب بمثل ذلك بإجماع الأئمة. فتبين بذلك أن ما يباح به الشيء أقوى مما يحظر به. فمن حلف أن لا يأكل هذا الرغيف يحنث بأكل بعضه إلا أن تكون له نية أو بساط يدل على أنه إنما أراد استيعاب جميعه. ومن حلف ليأكلن هذا الرغيف لم يبر إلا بأكل جميعه إلا أن تكون له نية أو بساط يدل على أنه إنما أراد أكل بعضه. وعلى هذا فقس ما شابه هذه المسائل. فصل والنية تكون بالقلب دون تحريك اللسان. ومن شرطها أن يعقد عليها يمينه،