Al-Muqaddimāt al-Mumahhidāt - Ibn Rush al-Jadd - (1/355)

Al-Muqaddimāt al-MumahhidātIbn Rush al-Jadd

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Jihad entails obligations that must be fulfilled. These have been said to number five: obeying the imam, refraining from misappropriating spoils, honouring pledges of safe-conduct, standing firm in battle, and not fleeing when outnumbered two to one. Yet they are nearer to fifty, for avoiding all wrongdoing during a campaign is obligatory. Whoever does not avoid wrongdoing on his campaign will not return free of blame. Mu‘ādh ibn Jabal said:

“Campaigns are of two kinds. A campaign in which cherished wealth is spent, companions are treated well, those in command are obeyed, and wrongdoing is avoided is wholly good. But a campaign in which cherished wealth is not spent, companions are not treated well, and wrongdoing is not avoided is one from which its participant will not return free of blame.”

Section
On War Spoils

Ghanīmah (war spoils) is property that Muslims take from the unbelievers through fighting. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:

“And know that whatever you take as spoils of war, one-fifth of it belongs to Allah.” [al-Anfāl: 41] The verse continues.

Fay’ is property of the unbelievers that comes into Muslim possession without fighting. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says:

“Whatever Allah restored to His Messenger from them—you spurred neither horses nor riding camels to obtain it.” [al-Hashr: 6]

And He, Most High, says:

“Whatever Allah restored to His Messenger from the people of the towns belongs to Allah and the Messenger.” [al-Hashr: 7] The verse continues.

The reverse has also been stated: that ghanīmah is property of theirs that comes into Muslim possession without fighting, while fay’ is what comes into their possession through fighting. This is linguistically possible, but the first distinction is the correct one intended by the Quran. The term fay’ encompasses both, for fay’ means return, and war spoils are among the unbelievers’ possessions that Allah has returned to the Muslims. Likewise, Allah called war spoils anfāl (spoils), saying:

“They ask you about the spoils.” [al-Anfāl: 1]

By this He means

فصل وله فرائض يجب الوفاء بها، قيل إنها خمس وهي: الطاعة للإمام، وترك الغلول، والوفاء بالأمان، والثبات عند الزحف، وأن لا يفر واحد من اثنين، وهي إلى الخمسين أقرب لأن تجنب الفساد كله في الغزو واجب، ومن لم يجتنب الفساد في غزوه لم يرجع منه كفافا. قال معاذ بن جبل: الغزو غزوان، فغزو تنفق فيه الكريمة ويعاشر فيه الشريك، ويطاع فيه ذو الأمر ويجتنب فيه الفساد فذلك الغزو خير كله، وغزو لا تنفق فيه الكريمة ولا يعاشر فيه الشريك ولا يجتنب فيه الفساد فذلك الغزو لا يرجع صاحبه كفافا. فصل في القول في الغنيمة الغنيمة ما غنمه المسلمون من أموال الكفار بقتال. قال الله ﷿: ﴿وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ﴾ [الأنفال: ٤١] الآية. والفيء ما صار إليهم من أموال الكفار بغير قتال. قال الله ﷿: ﴿وَمَا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلا رِكَابٍ﴾ [الحشر: ٦]، وقال تعالى: ﴿مَا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَى فَلِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ﴾ [الحشر: ٧] الآية. وقد قيل بعكس ذلك إن الغنيمة ما صار إليهم من أموالهم بغير قتال، وإن الفيء ما صار إليهم بقتال. وهذا محتمل في اللسان، والأول هو الصحيح الذي يقصده القرآن. واسم الفيء يجمعهما جميعا، لأن الفيء هو الرجوع والغنيمة مما أرجعها الله إلى المسلمين من أموال الكفار. وكذلك الأنفال سمى الله بها الغنائم فقال: ﴿يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الأَنْفَالِ﴾ [الأنفال: ١] يريد